- Hazards of Electricity
- Hazard Analysis
- Shock
- Arc definition, description and characteristics
- Arc Burns
- Blast
- Affected Body Parts (Skin, The Nervous System, Muscular System Heart , The Pulmonary System )
- Causes Injury and Death
- Shock Effect
- Arc Flash Effect
- Protective Strategies
- Earthing Systems Safety And Risk Assessment
- Equipment Earthing
- Measuring earthing rods
- System Earthing
- Unearthed systems
- Solid earthing
- Resistance earthing
- Reactance earthing
Classification Of Supply / Installation System Earthing
Earthing Via Neutral Earthing Compensator
- Distribution transformers
- Zig Zag transformers
Comparison of Methods (Advantages/Disadvantages)
- Evaluation of earthing methods
- Touch And Step Voltage
- Effect of electric shock on human beings
- Electric shock and sensitive earth leakage protection
- Sensitive earth leakage protection
- Risk assessment principals
- How to assess the risks in your workplace?
- How to conduct risk assessment?
- Risk assessment Job Briefing and Planning Checklist
- Case Studies
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis And Mitigation
- Short history of arc flash research
- NPFA-70E-2004 application
- Calculating the Required Level of Arc Protection (Flash Hazard Calculations)
- The Lee Method
- Methods Outlined in NFPA 70E
- IEEE Standard Std 1584-2002 /
- Required PPE for Crossing the Flash Hazard Boundary
- A Simplified Approach to the Selection of Protective Clothing
- Arc flash hazard assessment
- Traditional methods for reducing arc flash
- New strategies for reducing arc flash hazards and suggestions for Limiting Arc-flash and Shock Hazards
- Standardizing Arc Flash Hazard Labels
- The Role of Over-current Protective
- Devices In Electrical Safety
- Staged arc-flash tests
- Electrical Safety Equipment
- General Inspection and Testing Requirements for Electrical Safety Equipment
- Flash and Thermal Protection (Clothing and materials)
- Head, Eye, and Hand Protection
- Rubber-Insulating Equipment (Gloves, Mats, Covers,….)
- Hot Sticks (description, application , testing)
- Insulated Tools
- Barriers and Signs
- Safety Tags, Locks, and Locking Devices
- Voltage-Measuring Instruments
- Proximity Testers
- Contact Testers
- Selecting Voltage-Measuring Instruments
- Instrument Condition
- Low Voltage Voltmeter Safety Standards
- Three-Step Voltage Measurement Process
- General Considerations for Low-Voltage Measuring Instruments
- Safety Grounding Equipment
- The Need for Safety Grounding
- Safety Grounding Switches
- Safety Grounding Jumpers
- Selecting Safety Grounding Jumpers
- Installation and Location
- Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
- Operating Principles
- Applications
- Safety Electrical One-Line Diagram
- The Electrician’s Safety Kit
- Safety Procedures and Methods
- The Six-Step Safety Method
- Pre-Job Briefings
- Energized or De-Energized?
- Safe Switching of Power Systems
- Remote Operation
- Operating Medium-Voltage Switchgear
- Operating Low-Voltage Switchgear
- Operating Molded-Case Breakers and Panel boards
- Operating Enclosed Switches and Disconnects
- Operating Open-Air Disconnects
- Operating Motor Starters
- General Energy Control Programs
- Specific Energy Control Programs
- Basic Energy Control Rules
- Definition and Description
- When to Use Locks and Tags
- Locks without Tags or Tags without Locks
- Rules for Using Locks and Tags
- Responsibilities of Employees
- Sequence
- Lock and Tag Application
- Isolation Verification
- Removal of Locks and Tags
- Safety Ground Application
- Control Transfer
- Nonemployees and Contractors
- Lockout-Tagout Training
- Procedural Reviews
- Voltage-Measurement Techniques
- Purpose
- Instrument Selection
- Instrument Condition
- Three-Step Measurement Process
- What to Measure
- How to Measure
- Placement of Safety Grounds
- Safety Grounding Principles
- Safety Grounding Location
- Application of Safety Grounds
- The Equi-potential Zone
- Removal of Safety Grounds
- Control of Safety Grounds
- Flash Hazard Calculations and Approach Distances
- Approach Distance Definitions
- Determining Shock Hazard Approach Distances
- Calculating the Flash Hazard Minimum Approach Distance (Flash Protection Boundary)
- Barriers and Warning Signs
- Illumination
- Conductive Clothing and Materials
- Confined Work Spaces
- Tools and Test Equipment
- Authorized Users
- Visual Inspections
- Electrical Tests
- Wet and Hazardous Environments
- Field Marking of Potential Hazards
- The One-Minute Safety Audit
- Safety-Related to Maintenance Requirements
- General Maintenance Requirements
- The Safety-Related Case for Electrical Maintenance
- Relationship of Improperly Maintained Electrical Equipment to the Hazards of Electricity
- Hazards Associated with Electrical Maintenance
- The Economic Case for Electrical Maintenance
- Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)
- Impact of RCM on a Facilities Life Cycle
- The Eight Step Maintenance Program
- Frequency of Maintenance
- Substations, Switchgear Assemblies,
- Switchboards, Panel-boards, Motor Control
- Centers, and Disconnect Switches
- Premises Wiring
- Controller Equipment
- Fuses and Circuit Breakers
- Rotating Equipment
- Hazardous (Classified) Locations
- Batteries and Battery Rooms
- Portable Electric Tools and Equipment
- Personal Safety and Protective Equipment
- Review of General Work and Plant Safety Rules
- Substations and Switchgear Rooms
- The basic rules for substations and switchgear rooms
- Requirements for identification.
- Access to High Voltage Enclosures and Equipment
- Responsibilities for Power Systems
- Responsibilities for Operations in Power Systems
- Electrical Safety Documents
- Switching of Power Systems under Normal Circumstances
- Switching Under Emergency Conditions
- Circumstances Requiring Isolation and/or Earthing
- Isolation
- Other Earthing Methods on High Voltage Electrical Equipment
- Earthing of Low Voltage Electrical Equipment of an Earthed System
- Recording of HV and LV Earth
- Work on Electrical Equipment
- Work on High Voltage Electrical Equipment
- Work on High Voltage Transformers.
- Work on High Voltage Switchgear
- Work on Low Voltage Electrical Equipment
- Work on Cables
- Work on Low Voltage Power Cables
- Work on High Voltage Power Cables
- Spiking of Cables for Identification
- Work on Pilot Cables Adjacent to Live Circuits
- Identification of Circuits
- Climbing of Towers or Structures
- Use of Safety Belts
- Approach of Lightening
- Work on Electrical Equipment Operated by or Containing Compressed Air
- Work on Electrical Protection Relays
- Work on Remotely or Automatically Controlled Electrical Equipment
- Physical Danger
- Work on Enclosures Protected by Fixed Fire Fighting Equipment
- Automatic Control
- Ventilation after a Discharge
- Testing
- Use of Safety Locks, Key Safes and Other Safety
- Switching, Working or Testing in Potentially Flammable Atmospheres Hazardous Areas
- Non Electrical Work in the Vicinity of Live Parts
- Caution Notices
- The Use of Portable; (Hand-Held) Electrical Apparatus
Safety-Related Work Practices
- Definitions
- General Requirements for Electrical
- Safety-Related Work Practices
- Establishing an Electrically Safe Work Condition
- Work Involving Electrical Hazards
- Selection and use of work practices
- Use of equipment
- Safeguards for personnel protection
Regulatory and Legal Safety Requirements and Standards
- The Regulatory Bodies
- The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
- American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)
- The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Other Electrical Safety Organizations
- The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)—ANSI C-2
- General Description
- Industries and Facilities Covered
- Technical/Safety Items Covered
- The National Electrical Code (NEC)—ANSI/NFPA 70
- General Description
- Industries and Facilities Covered
- Technical and Safety Items Included
- Electrical Equipment Maintenance—ANSI/NFPA 70B
- General Description
- Industries and Facilities Covered
- Technical and Safety Items Covered
- Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace—ANSI/NFPA 70E
- General Description
- Industries and Facilities Covered
- Technical Safety Items Covered
- The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
- Overview
- General Industry
- Construction Industry
- Safety Requirements for Special Equipment
- Safety-Related Work Practices for :
- Electrolytic Cells
- Batteries and Battery Rooms
- Use of Lasers
- Power Electronic Equipment
- Safety-Related Work Requirements: Research and Development Laboratories
- Limits of Approach
- Incident Energy and Flash Protection Boundary Calculation Methods
- Electrical Safety Program
- Hazard/Risk Evaluation Procedure
- Sample Lockout/Tag-out Procedure
- Simplified, Two-Category, Flame-Resistant (FR) Clothing System
- Job Briefing and Planning Checklist
- Energized Electrical Work Permit
- General Categories of Electrical Hazards
- Typical Application of Safeguards in the Cell Line Working Zone
- Layering of Protective Clothing and Total System Arc Rating
- Example Industrial Procedures and Policies for Working Near Overhead
- Electrical Lines and Equipment
- Safety-Related Design Requirements
- Electrical Equipment In Hazardous Areas
- Properties of hazardous / Flammable Materials.
- Fire Triangle
- Source of ignition.
- Static Electricity.
- Static protection.
- Flash point.
- Ignition temperature.
- Explosive limits.
- Gas / apparatus grouping.
- Area classification.
- Methods of Making Electrical Equipment Safe for use in Hazardous Environments (EX p, EX m, EX o, EX d, EX e, EX i , EX n, EX q).
- Exclusion of hazardous gas
- Exclusion of heat.
- Exclusion of air.
- Selection of electrical apparatus according to zone of risk
- Installation, Inspection & Maintenance.
- International Standards Related To Hazardous Area
- New classification of group/categories (Directive ATEX 94/9/EC)
- Recommendations For Electrical Safety
- Essential Requirements For Electrical Safety
- Responsibilities For Electrical Power Systems
- Authorization of personnel
- Switching, isolating and earthing procedures
- Electrical safety documents
- Precautions before working on or testing high voltage electrical Equipment
- Precautions before working on low voltage electrical equipment
- Additional precautions to be taken on specific types of electrical Equipment
- Electrical work at construction sites
- The use of portable/transportable electrical equipment
- Electrical Incident and Hazard Prevention
- Electrically safe work condition
- Shock hazard and flash hazard analysis
- Approach boundaries for shock protection
- Flash hazard analysis
- Method 1: NFPA 70E tables
- Method 2 NFPA 70E formula
- Method 3 IEEE 1584
- Arcing fault currents in the long time characteristic of over-current protective devices
- Other considerations
- Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Lockout/Tagout
- Stored energy systems
- IP2X (finger-safe) ratings
- Grounding
- Electrical Safety Program