Upon the successful completion of this course, each participant will be able to:-

• • Describe the purpose, operation of sample handling and application of a Process Analyzer system, Quality Monitoring systems and Spectroscopic Analyzer systems,
  • Describe all the design steps and requirements like response, conditioning, phase envelope that are essential issues involved with Gas and Liquid sampling,
  • Describe the principles of the applied types of Physical Property analyzers and Gas Chromatography,
  • Understanding of the basic rules and tools for Analytical Accuracy, Performance & Quality Assurance.

This course is intended for all who are regularly involved with Process Analyzer systems like Instrument Technicians and Engineers, Production, Operation and Laboratory staff.

PROGRAM - DAY 1

Section 01: Introduction to the world of QMI

• • Why Instruments,
  • Where do we need it,
  • What types are there,
  • What is measurement,
  • Measurement Standards,
  • Traceability,
  • Quality Assurance,
  • Response related issues.

  Section 02: Measurement Accuracy & Quality Assurance

• • Measurement Standards,
  • Units & Systems,
  • Introduction Quality Assurance,
  • Traceability & Organization,
  • Definitions Accuracy, Systematic Errors and Precision,
  • Factors influencing Accuracy,
  • Measurement Calibration procedure,
  • Hysteresis Accuracy, Precision, Standard Deviation & Variance
  • “Playing Darts”
  • Repeatability and Reproducibility,
  • Variability & Probability,
  • Statistical Control & Normal Distribution,
  • STD & Systematic Error,
  • Control Chart Tool,
  • Setting up a Control Chart for Performance Monitoring,
  • Warning & Control Limits,
  • Statistical Decision Rules
  • Historical STD
  • Reproducibility Rate

Section 03:  Analyser Sampling System & Design

• • Off and online Sampling
  • The 6 GOALS of optimal sampling
  • How to deal with Pressure Drop?
  • Important Practical Notes
  • Compatibility issues
  • Required Timely Response
  • How to deal with ‘Dead-Legs’ and ‘Dead-Volumes’?
  • Sampling Best Practices
  • Summary of Sampling Design Steps
  • Flow Profile
  • Maintaining the sample temperature
  • Essential function of a Sampling Probe
  • Gas / Liquid Sample take-off configuration
  • Main Calculations for Sampling System Design
  • Fast Loop Design for Liquid sample
  • Darcy Equation and Friction factor
  • Sampling System Configuration options
  • XL spreadsheet for design of sampling system

Section 04: Vaporization, Phase Diagrams & Fractionation

• • Significance and Definitions
  • Vapor Pressure Properties
  • Relation Boiling Point and Saturated Pressure
  • Vapor Pressure Measuring Methods
  • Phase Diagrams – Single and Multi-Component
  • Different compositions of Vapor and Liquid
  • Design related issues / recommendations
  • Example of huge time delay in liquid sample design
  • Vaporization of multi-component liquid
  • Fractionation and spoiling of sample analysis
  • Example of LNG Vaporizer development

PROGRAM - DAY 2

Section 05: Sample Filtration Methods and applied Tools for Conditioning / Analyzer Housing

• • Types of filtrations applied
  • Blow-back feature
  • Removing gas bubbles from liquid sample
  • Fast Loop filtering system
  • Coalescing filtration
  • Analyzer House options

 Section 06: Three Exercises concerning the Design of a Sampling & Conditioning System

Section 07: Discussion Answers 3 exercises

Section 08: Principles of Gas Chromatography

• • Introduction
  • Combinations of GC and MS
  • What is Chromatography
  • Retention phenomena
  • Separation factors
  • Retention factor
  • Types of Chromatographic columns
  • Band broadening and column efficiency
  • Theoretical Plate Model
  • Temperature influence on separation
  • Van ‘Deemter’ efficiency curve
  • Selection of the type of carrier gas
  • Peak Selectivity and Resolution
  • Base line properties, Noise and LOD

Section 09:  Types of GC Detectors and Peak Quantitation Methods

• • Thermal Conductivity Detector and measurement
  • Flame Ionization Detector
  • Dynamic Range of Detectors
  • Application of Make-up gas
  • Electron Capture Detector
  • Flame Photometric Detector
  • Detector and Relative Response Factors
  • Integration Methods
  • Analysis Data Processing
  • Standard Calibration Methods

Section 10: Heating Value Measurements

• • Introduction Calorimetry
  • Types of Calorimeters
  • Determination of Heating Values
  • Higher and Lower Heating Value
  • Wobbe Index and CARI
  • Online Wobbe Index analyzer
  • NMR application

PROGRAM - DAY 3

Section 11: Oxygen Analysis

• • Main applied methods for Oxygen measurement
  • Principle of Electrochemical cell
  • Introduction to Combustion Control
  • Stoichiometric ratio
  • ZrO2 type Oxygen analyzers
  • Operating principle ZrO2 analysis
  • Nernst Equation
  • Combustion possible interferences
  • Paramagnetic type Oxygen analyzer
  • Background gas interference
  • Sampling and installation
  • Magnetic wind type analysis
  • Trouble shooting
  • ‘LaserGas’ Single Path Oxygen analyzer

Section 12:  Moisture Theory & Analysis Methods

• • Dew Point / Frost Point,
  • Water Vapor properties,
  • Dalton’s Law,
  • Dew Point / Pressure relationship,
  • Relative Humidity,
  • Psychrometric RH measuring method,
  • Moisture Analysis methods,
  • SiO2 and AlOx sensors,
  • Electrolytic type moisture sensor,
  • Quartz crystal (Ametek) Moisture analysis,
  • Chilled Mirror DP analysis,
  • New Developments,
  • Spectroscopic Moisture analysis,
  • IR / NDIR Moisture analysis,
  • Tunable Diode Laser Moisture sensor,
  • Moisture Sample Conditioning.

Section 13:  pH measurement

• • Reasons for pH analysis,
  • Introduction to pH measurements,
  • Construction of the glass measuring electrode,
  • Types of pH electrodes and their application,
  • pH measuring circuit,
  • pH measuring principle and Nernst equation,
  • Potentials present in a pH loop,
  • Asymmetry potential,
  • pH practical notes and Measuring Range,
  • pH buffers and calibration conditions,
  • pH -Temperature compensation clarification in relation to Process temperature,
  • Conditioning, storage and Cleaning of pH sensors,
  • Checking and Calibration of pH system,

PROGRAM - DAY 4

Section 14: Spectroscopic Analysis IR, UV and FTIR

• • Types of Spectral Absorptions
  • Spectral Ranges
  • Relation frequency and wavelength
  • Diffraction methods
  • Principles & Techniques applied
  • Types of Spectroscopy
  • Lambert Beer’s Law
  • NIR spectrum
  • Industrial Non Dispersive IR analysis
  • UV analysis

• • FT-IR and FTNIR
  • How are FTIR results obtained
  • Practical Differences FTIR and IR
  • Raman Spectroscopy
  • Spectrometers for CEMS
  • NMR application

ADDITIONAL OPTIONAL SUBJECTS, ONLY IF TIME IS LEFT ……..

Section 15: Conductivity & TDS measurement

Section 16: Density & S.G. measurements

Section 17: Turbidity, Hardness & TOC analysis

Section 18:  Viscosity Theory & Measurement

BTS attendance certificate will be issued to all attendees completing minimum of 80% of the total course duration