Upon the successful completion of this course, each participant will be able to:-

• • Describe the purpose, operation and application of a Process Gas Chromatographic (PGC) systems, Quality Monitoring systems as well as Spectroscopic Analyzer systems,
  • Identify and explain the different types of Industrial PGC applications and Emission Monitoring (CEMS),
  • Understanding of the basic rules and tools for Analytical Accuracy, Performance & Quality Assurance.

This course is intended for all who are regularly involved with Process GC and CEMS systems like Instrument Technicians and Engineers, Production, Operation and Laboratory staff.

PROGRAM - DAY 1

Section 01: Principles of Gas Chromatography

• • Introduction
  • Combinations of GC analysis
  • What is Chromatography
  • Retention phenomena
  • Separation factors
  • Retention factor
  • Types of Chromatographic columns
  • Band broadening and column efficiency
  • Theoretical Plate Model
  • Temperature influence on separation
  • Van ‘Deemter’ efficiency curve
  • Selection of the type of carrier gas
  • Peak Selectivity and Resolution
  • Base line properties, Noise and LOD

Section 02: Chromatographic Analysis Columns

• • Types of applied analysis columns
  • How to specify an GC column
  • GSC – Molsieves column application
  • Types of open tubular Capillary columns

Section 03: Types of applied PGC Detectors

• • Types GC detectors based on their Selectivity
  • Main types of PGC Detection systems
  • Thermal Conductivity Detector and measurement
  • Flame Ionization Detector
  • Dynamic Range of Detectors
  • Application of Make-up gas
  • Electron Capture Detector
  • Flame Photometric Detector
  • Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector
  • Detector and Relative Response Factors

Section 04:  GC Sample Injection techniques

• • Applied Sample online Injection systems
  • Online Sample Injection using rotary valves
  • Liquid injection valve technique
  • Split versus Split less injection
  • Headspace and PTV Injection system

Section 05: PGC Utilities

• • Generally requirements for Utility Gases
  • Installation of filter traps
  • Carrier Gas purity
  • Tubing and Regulators
  • Moisture filtration
  • Basics principles for Pressure and Flow control
  • Electronic Pressure and Flow Control

PROGRAM - DAY 2

Section 06:  Measurement Accuracy and Quality Assurance

• • Accuracy, Bias and Precision
  • Variance and Standard Deviation
  • Normal Distribution
  • Repeatability and Reproducibility
  • Types of measurement errors
  • Set-up Control Chart tool for Performance Monitoring
  • Statistical Decision Rules
  • Reproducibility Rate

 Section 07:  Peak Quantitation Methods

• • Definition Relative Response Factor
  • System factor and Calibration Factor
  • Applied Peak Integration Methods
  • Integration Basics
  • Generally applied Peak Integration Parameters
  • Peak Sampling rate and Threshold settings
  • Some important Integration notes
  • Peak Integration issues and system features
  • Analysis Data Processing
  • Types of Calibration Methods
  • Normalization issues
  • Internal / External Standard calibration

Section 08: GC Analysis & Valve Configurations

• • Multi-port configuration valves
  • Natural Gas configuration
  • The GC Control system
  • Variable conditions to accommodate the analysis system
  • Temperature Programming
  • Programming the analysis methods
  • Stripping / Back-flushing
  • Hart-cutting , Trapping and Parking

Section 09:  PGC Trouble shooting

• • Best Practices for trouble shooting
  • Summary of main problems
  • Baseline disturbances noise, spiking, drift etc.
  • Peak shape distortion
  • Fronting and Tailing peaks
  • Ghost peaks
  • Diagnostic features

PROGRAM - DAY 3

Section 10: Refresher of dealing with Key Sampling issues

• • The 6 Goals of Sampling
  • How to deal with Pressure Drop
  • Important Practical Notes for Sampling
  • Compatibility issues
  • Timely Response and Lag time
  • Minimizing Dead Legs and Mixing Volumes
  • Best Practices

Section 11: Introduction to Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems - CEMS 

• • Applications and Specifications of CEMS
  • Directives and approvals
  • Plain English Guide – EPA 40
  • Quality Assurance Levels
  • Who are the EPA and EMC?
  • Monitoring requirements
  • Essential parts of a CEMS systems
  • To who do the requirements apply?
  • Monitoring measurement requirements
  • What are the Certification requirements?
  • Relative Accuracy Test Audit – RATA
  • Quality Assurance and Emission reporting
  • CEMS Sampling systems methods
  • Cold and Hot extractive systems
  • Spectroscopic type of CEMS analyzers
  • TDLAS application
  • CEMS Suppliers

Section 12: Heating Value Measurements

• • Introduction Calorimetry
  • Types of Calorimeters
  • Determination of Heating Values using the Ultimate GC method
  • Dulong Equation
  • Higher and Lower Heating Value
  • Wobbe Index and CARI
  • Online Wobbe Index analyzer

Section 14:  PEMS versus CEMS

• • What are PEMS ?
  • What are PEMS Challenges ?
  • List of PEMS advantages compared to CEMS
  • Requirements for PEMS

PROGRAM - DAY 4

Section 14:  Spectroscopic Analysis IR, UV and FTIR

• • Types of Spectral Absorptions
  • Spectral Ranges
  • Relation frequency and wavelength
  • Diffraction methods
  • Principles & Techniques applied
  • Types of Spectroscopy
  • Lambert Beer’s Law
  • NIR spectrum
  • Industrial Non Dispersive IR analysis
  • UV analysis
  • FT-IR and FTNIR
  • How are FTIR results obtained
  • Practical Differences FTIR and IR
  • Raman Spectroscopy
  • Spectrometers for CEMS

Section 15: Summary of issues to optimize the GC analysis

BTS attendance certificate will be issued to all attendees completing minimum of 80% of the total course duration