Course Details
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Course Description
Analytical instruments used for online chemical analysis of process streams or plant environments are generally called Process Analyzer Systems or Quality Measuring Instruments. Reliable online analytical data is crucial for a safe and efficient operation is not limited to the Oil & Gas and Chemical Industry but also for Pharmaceutical, Power Generation and other industries.
Legislative requirements, economic as well as health and safety, emissions control and energy conservation are setting increasing stringent limits for reliable analyzer data which may result in huge losses or fines to the operating company.
During the first 2 days of the course we focus on all issues related to online Chromatography type analysis ranging from the basic principles, Sample Injection techniques, Analysis Columns, Applied Detector systems and particular Industrial Chromatographic configurations.
Other important subjects are specific on-line PGC systems and practical tools for Performance Monitoring and Troubleshooting.
On the last day there are two subjects discussed that are of still growing importance for the Environment; the Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems, where the main part of the applied analysis is covered by Spectroscopy.
The Training Course Will Highlight ?
Training Objective
Target Audience
This course is intended for all who are regularly involved with Process GC and CEMS systems like Instrument Technicians and Engineers, Production, Operation and Laboratory staff.
Training Methods
Daily Agenda
PROGRAM - DAY 1
Section 01: Principles of Gas Chromatography
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- Introduction
- Combinations of GC analysis
- What is Chromatography
- Retention phenomena
- Separation factors
- Retention factor
- Types of Chromatographic columns
- Band broadening and column efficiency
- Theoretical Plate Model
- Temperature influence on separation
- Van ‘Deemter’ efficiency curve
- Selection of the type of carrier gas
- Peak Selectivity and Resolution
- Base line properties, Noise and LOD
Section 02: Chromatographic Analysis Columns
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- Types of applied analysis columns
- How to specify an GC column
- GSC – Molsieves column application
- Types of open tubular Capillary columns
Section 03: Types of applied PGC Detectors
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- Types GC detectors based on their Selectivity
- Main types of PGC Detection systems
- Thermal Conductivity Detector and measurement
- Flame Ionization Detector
- Dynamic Range of Detectors
- Application of Make-up gas
- Electron Capture Detector
- Flame Photometric Detector
- Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector
- Detector and Relative Response Factors
Section 04: GC Sample Injection techniques
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- Applied Sample online Injection systems
- Online Sample Injection using rotary valves
- Liquid injection valve technique
- Split versus Split less injection
- Headspace and PTV Injection system
Section 05: PGC Utilities
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- Generally requirements for Utility Gases
- Installation of filter traps
- Carrier Gas purity
- Tubing and Regulators
- Moisture filtration
- Basics principles for Pressure and Flow control
- Electronic Pressure and Flow Control
PROGRAM - DAY 2
Section 06: Measurement Accuracy and Quality Assurance
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- Accuracy, Bias and Precision
- Variance and Standard Deviation
- Normal Distribution
- Repeatability and Reproducibility
- Types of measurement errors
- Set-up Control Chart tool for Performance Monitoring
- Statistical Decision Rules
- Reproducibility Rate
Section 07: Peak Quantitation Methods
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- Definition Relative Response Factor
- System factor and Calibration Factor
- Applied Peak Integration Methods
- Integration Basics
- Generally applied Peak Integration Parameters
- Peak Sampling rate and Threshold settings
- Some important Integration notes
- Peak Integration issues and system features
- Analysis Data Processing
- Types of Calibration Methods
- Normalization issues
- Internal / External Standard calibration
Section 08: GC Analysis & Valve Configurations
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- Multi-port configuration valves
- Natural Gas configuration
- The GC Control system
- Variable conditions to accommodate the analysis system
- Temperature Programming
- Programming the analysis methods
- Stripping / Back-flushing
- Hart-cutting , Trapping and Parking
Section 09: PGC Trouble shooting
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- Best Practices for trouble shooting
- Summary of main problems
- Baseline disturbances noise, spiking, drift etc.
- Peak shape distortion
- Fronting and Tailing peaks
- Ghost peaks
- Diagnostic features
PROGRAM - DAY 3
Section 10: Refresher of dealing with Key Sampling issues
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- The 6 Goals of Sampling
- How to deal with Pressure Drop
- Important Practical Notes for Sampling
- Compatibility issues
- Timely Response and Lag time
- Minimizing Dead Legs and Mixing Volumes
- Best Practices
Section 11: Introduction to Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems - CEMS
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- Applications and Specifications of CEMS
- Directives and approvals
- Plain English Guide – EPA 40
- Quality Assurance Levels
- Who are the EPA and EMC?
- Monitoring requirements
- Essential parts of a CEMS systems
- To who do the requirements apply?
- Monitoring measurement requirements
- What are the Certification requirements?
- Relative Accuracy Test Audit – RATA
- Quality Assurance and Emission reporting
- CEMS Sampling systems methods
- Cold and Hot extractive systems
- Spectroscopic type of CEMS analyzers
- TDLAS application
- CEMS Suppliers
Section 12: Heating Value Measurements
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- Introduction Calorimetry
- Types of Calorimeters
- Determination of Heating Values using the Ultimate GC method
- Dulong Equation
- Higher and Lower Heating Value
- Wobbe Index and CARI
- Online Wobbe Index analyzer
Section 14: PEMS versus CEMS
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- What are PEMS ?
- What are PEMS Challenges ?
- List of PEMS advantages compared to CEMS
- Requirements for PEMS
PROGRAM - DAY 4
Section 14: Spectroscopic Analysis IR, UV and FTIR
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- Types of Spectral Absorptions
- Spectral Ranges
- Relation frequency and wavelength
- Diffraction methods
- Principles & Techniques applied
- Types of Spectroscopy
- Lambert Beer’s Law
- NIR spectrum
- Industrial Non Dispersive IR analysis
- UV analysis
- FT-IR and FTNIR
- How are FTIR results obtained
- Practical Differences FTIR and IR
- Raman Spectroscopy
- Spectrometers for CEMS
Section 15: Summary of issues to optimize the GC analysis
Accreditation
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BTS attendance certificate will be issued to all attendees completing minimum of 80% of the total course duration
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