Chemical tankers often have a system for tank heating to maintain the viscosity of certain cargoes, typically by-passing pressurized steam through stainless steel 'heating coils' in the cargo tanks, transferring heat into the cargo which circulates in the tank by convection. All modern chemical tankers feature double hull construction and most have one hydraulically driven, submerged cargo pump for each tank with independent piping, which means that each tank can load a separate cargo without any mixing. Consequently, many oceangoing chemical tankers may carry numerous different grades of cargo on the same voyage, often loading and discharging these "parcels" at different ports or terminals. This means that the scheduling, stowage planning, and operation of such ships requires a high level of coordination and specialist knowledge, both at sea and onshore. Tank cleaning after discharging cargo is a very important aspect of chemical tanker operations because tanks that are not properly cleaned of all cargo residue can adversely affect the purity of the next cargo loaded. Before tanks are cleaned, they must be properly ventilated and checked to be free of potentially explosive gases. Chemical tankers usually have transverse stiffeners on deck rather than inside the cargo tanks, to make the tank walls smooth and thus easier to clean using permanently fitted tank cleaning machines. This course is designed to provide participants with a detailed and up-to-date overview of chemical tankers. It covers the cargo in the chemical tanker, the physical properties of cargo and hydrocarbon groups; the health hazards, hazards to the environment, reactivity hazards, flammability, and explosivity hazards; the international and national codes and regulations; the bulk chemical codes and Annex II of Marplot 73/78; and the ship design, construction, and equipment requirements, the cargo containment, ship types, and survival capability. At the end of the course, participants will be able to carry cargo handling system, tank piping and valves, tank materials and coatings, and cargo tank ventilation systems; recognize pumps and unloading systems, cargo heating systems, inert gas systems, and instrumentation; illustrate fire prevention and equipment, pollution prevention and protection and safety equipment; employ cargo handling, ballast operations, cargo planning and procedures and preparations for loading; measure and calculate cargo and apply tank cleaning operations; and implement ship-shore interface and emergency operations.