Hazards of Electricity
- Hazard Analysis
- Shock
- Arc definition, description and characteristics
- Arc Burns
- Blast
- Affected Body Parts (Skin, The Nervous System, Muscular System Heart , The Pulmonary System )
- Summary of Causes—Injury and Death
- Shock Effect
- Arc Flash Effect
- Causes of Injury
- Causes of Death
- Protective Strategies
Earthing Systems Safety And Risk Assessment
- Equipment Earthing
- System Earthing
- Unearthed systems
- Solid earthing
- Resistance earthing
- Reactance earthing
- Classification Of Supply / Installation System Earthing
- Earthing Via Neutral Earthing Compensator
- Distribution transformers
- Zig Zag transformers
- Comparison of Methods (Advantages/Disadvantages)
- Evaluation of earthing methods
- Touch And Step Voltage
- Effect of electric shock on human beings
- Electric shock and sensitive earth leakage protection
- Sensitive earth leakage protection
- Risk assessment principals
- How to assess the risks in your workplace?
- How to conduct risk assessment?
- Risk assessment Job Briefing and Planning Checklist
- Case Studies
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis And Mitigation
- Short history of arc flash research
- NPFA-70E-2004 application
- Calculating the Required Level of Arc Protection (Flash Hazard Calculations)
- Arc flash hazard assessment
- Traditional methods for reducing arc flash
- New strategies for reducing arc flash hazards and suggestions for Limiting Arc-flash and Shock Hazards
- Standardizing Arc Flash Hazard Labels
- The Role of Over-current Protective
Electrical Safety Equipment
- General Inspection and Testing Requirements for Electrical Safety Equipment
- Flash and Thermal Protection (Clothing and materials)
- Head, Eye, and Hand Protection
- Rubber-Insulating Equipment (Gloves, Mats, Covers,….)
- Hot Sticks (description, application , testing)
- Insulated Tools
- Barriers and Signs
- Safety Tags, Locks, and Locking Devices
- Voltage-Measuring Instruments
- Safety Grounding Equipment
- Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
- Safety Electrical One-Line Diagram
- The Electrician’s Safety Kit
Safety Procedures and Methods
The Six-Step Safety Method
Pre-Job Briefings
Energized or De-Energized?
Safe Switching of Power Systems
- Remote Operation
- Operating Medium-Voltage Switchgear
- Operating Low-Voltage Switchgear
- Operating Molded-Case Breakers and Panel boards
- Operating Enclosed Switches and Disconnects
- Operating Open-Air Disconnects
- Operating Motor Starters
Energy Control Programs
- General Energy Control Programs
- Specific Energy Control Programs
- Basic Energy Control Rules
Lockout-Tagout
- Definition and Description
- When to Use Locks and Tags
- Locks without Tags or Tags without Locks
- Rules for Using Locks and Tags
- Responsibilities of Employees
- Sequence
- Lock and Tag Application
- Isolation Verification
- Removal of Locks and Tags
- Safety Ground Application
- Control Transfer
- Nonemployees and Contractors
- Lockout-Tagout Training
- Procedural Reviews
Voltage-Measurement Techniques
Placement of Safety Grounds
Flash Hazard Calculations and Approach Distances
Barriers and Warning Signs
Tools and Test Equipment
Field Marking of Potential Hazards
The One-Minute Safety Audit
Safety-Related to Maintenance Requirements
- General Maintenance Requirements
- The Safety-Related Case for Electrical Maintenance
- Relationship of Improperly Maintained Electrical Equipment to the Hazards of Electricity
- Hazards Associated with Electrical Maintenance
- The Economic Case for Electrical Maintenance
- Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)
- Impact of RCM on a Facilities Life Cycle
- The Eight Step Maintenance Program
- Frequency of Maintenance
- Substations, Switchgear Assemblies,
- Switchboards, Panel-boards, Motor Control
- Centers, and Disconnect Switches
- Premises Wiring
- Controller Equipment
- Fuses and Circuit Breakers
- Rotating Equipment
- Hazardous (Classified) Locations
- Batteries and Battery Rooms
- Portable Electric Tools and Equipment
- Personal Safety and Protective Equipment
Review of General Work and Plant Safety Rules
Substations and Switchgear Rooms
- The basic rules for substations and switchgear rooms
- Requirements for identification.
Access to High Voltage Enclosures and Equipment
Responsibilities for Power Systems
Responsibilities for Operations in Power Systems
Electrical Safety Documents
Switching of Power Systems under Normal Circumstances
- Switching Under Emergency Conditions
Circumstances Requiring Isolation and/or Earthing
Isolation
Other Earthing Methods on High Voltage Electrical Equipment
Earthing of Low Voltage Electrical Equipment of an Earthed System
Recording of HV and LV Earth
Work on Electrical Equipment
- Work on High Voltage Electrical Equipment
- Work on High Voltage Transformers.
- Work on High Voltage Switchgear
- Work on Low Voltage Electrical Equipment
- Work on Cables
- Work on Low Voltage Power Cables
- Work on High Voltage Power Cables
- Spiking of Cables for Identification
- Work on Pilot Cables Adjacent to Live Circuits
Work on Overhead Lines
Work on Electrical Equipment Operated by or Containing Compressed Air
Work on Electrical Protection Relays
Work on Remotely or Automatically Controlled Electrical Equipment
Physical Danger
Precautions
Work on Enclosures Protected by Fixed Fire Fighting Equipment
Automatic Control
Ventilation after a Discharge
Testing
Use of Safety Locks, Key Safes and Other Safety
Switching, Working or Testing in Potentially Flammable Atmospheres Hazardous Areas
Non Electrical Work in the Vicinity of Live Parts
- Caution Notices
- The Use of Portable; (Hand-Held) Electrical Apparatus
Safety-Related Work Practices
- Definitions
- General Requirements for Electrical
- Safety-Related Work Practices
- Establishing an Electrically Safe Work Condition
- Work Involving Electrical Hazards
- Selection and use of work practices
- Use of equipment
- Safeguards for personnel protection
Regulatory and Legal Safety Requirements and Standards
- The Regulatory Bodies
- The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
- American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)
- The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Other Electrical Safety Organizations
- The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)—ANSI C-2
- The National Electrical Code (NEC)—ANSI/NFPA 70
- Electrical Equipment Maintenance—ANSI/NFPA 70B
- Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace—ANSI/NFPA 70E
- The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
Safety Requirements for Special Equipment
- Safety-Related Work Practices for :
- Safety-Related Work Requirements: Research and Development Laboratories
- Limits of Approach
- Incident Energy and Flash Protection Boundary Calculation Methods
- Electrical Safety Program
- Hazard/Risk Evaluation Procedure
- Sample Lockout/Tag-out Procedure
- Simplified, Two-Category, Flame-Resistant (FR) Clothing System
- Job Briefing and Planning Checklist
- Energized Electrical Work Permit
- General Categories of Electrical Hazards
- Typical Application of Safeguards in the Cell Line Working Zone
- Layering of Protective Clothing and Total System Arc Rating
- Example Industrial Procedures and Policies for Working Near Overhead
- Electrical Lines and Equipment
- Safety-Related Design Requirements
Electrical Equipment In Hazardous Areas
Properties of hazardous / Flammable Materials.
- Fire Triangle , Source of ignition, Static Electricity, Static protection, Flash point, Ignition temperature, Explosive limits, Gas / apparatus grouping, Area classification.
Methods of Making Electrical Equipment Safe for use in Hazardous Environments (EX p, EX m, EX o, EX d, EX e, EX i , EX n, EX q).
- Exclusion of hazardous gas
- Exclusion of heat.
- Exclusion of air.
- Selection of electrical apparatus according to zone of risk
Installation, Inspection & Maintenance.
International Standards Related To Hazardous Area
New classification of group/categories (Directive ATEX 94/9/EC)
Recommendations For Electrical Safety
- Essential Requirements For Electrical Safety
- Responsibilities For Electrical Power Systems
- Authorization of personnel
- Switching, isolating and earthing procedures
- Electrical safety documents
- Precautions before working on or testing high voltage electrical Equipment
- Precautions before working on low voltage electrical equipment
- Additional precautions to be taken on specific types of electrical Equipment
- Electrical work at construction sites
- The use of portable/transportable electrical equipment
Electrical Incident and Hazard Prevention
- Electrically safe work condition
- Shock hazard and flash hazard analysis
- Approach boundaries for shock protection
- Flash hazard analysis
- Method 1: NFPA 70E tables
- Method 2 NFPA 70E formulae
- Method 3 IEEE 1584
- Arcing fault currents in the long time characteristic of over-current protective devices
- Other considerations
- Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Lockout/Tagout
- Stored energy systems
- IP2X (finger-safe) ratings
- Grounding
Electrical Safety Program