Basic Concepts of Power System Faults and Protection
- The Reasons For Protection
- Principles of protection
- Disconnection Devices
- Protection and system design
- Nature of short circuit currents
- Sources of Short Circuits
- Short Circuit Protection Philosophy
- Short Circuit Calculations
- Categories of Protection
- Back-up Protection
- Unit Protection
- Differential Relays
Instrument Transformers ( CT &VT)
- Introduction To Current Transformers (Ct) And Voltage Transformers (VT)
- Voltage Transformers Theory, Characteristics And Applications
- Installation Of Voltage Transformers
- Maintenance Of Voltage Transformers
- Current Transformers Theory ,Characteristics And Applications
- Installation Of Current-Transformers
- safety Precautions
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- Grounding secondary circuits of instrument transformers
Protection Relays
- Electromechanical Relays
- Digital Microprocessor based Relay
- Time – Overcurrent Relays
- Instantaneous Current –Voltage Relays
- Directional -Sensing Power Relays
- Polar Unit
- Distance Relays (Source Impedance Ratio)
- Directional Comparison Relaying
- Phase Comparison Relaying
- Ground Over-current Relays (Earth fault relays)
Protective Relays Testing And Maintenance
- Introduction
- Type Tests
- Routine Factory Production Tests
- Commissioning Tests
- Periodic Maintenance Checks
- Electrical Type Tests
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Tests
- C Interrupt Test
- C. Ripple on D.C. Supply
- C. Ramp Down/Ramp Up
- High Frequency Disturbance Test
- Fast Transient Test
- Surge Immunity Test
- Power Frequency Interference Test
- Electrostatic Discharge Test
- Conducted and Radiated Emissions Tests
- Conducted and Radiated Immunity Tests
- Power Frequency Magnetic Field Tests
- Product Safety Type Tests
- Dielectric Voltage Withstand Testing
- Insulation Withstand for Over-voltages
- Single Fault Condition Assessment
- Earth Bonding Impedance
- CE Marking
- Environmental Type Tests
- Temperature Test
- Humidity Test
- Cyclic Temperature/Humidity Test
- Enclosure Protection Test
- Mechanical Tests
- Software Type Tests
- Static Unit Testing
- Dynamic Testing
- Unit Testing Environment
- Software/Software Integration Testing
- Software/Hardware Integration Testing
- Validation Testing
- Traceability of Validation Tests
- Software Modifications - Regression Testing
- Dynamic Validation Type Testing
- Use of Power System Analogue Models
- Use of Microprocessor Based Simulation Equipment
- Production Testing
- Commissioning Tests
- Insulation Tests
- Relay Self-Test Procedure
- Current Transformer Tests
- Voltage Transformer Tests
- Protection Relay Setting Checks
- Schemes using Digital or Numerical Relay Technology
- Schemes using Electromechanical/Static Relay Technology
- Test Circuits for Secondary Injection Testing
- Primary Injection Tests
- Testing Of Protection Scheme Logic
- Tripping And Alarm Annunciation Tests
- Periodic Maintenance Tests
- Frequency of Inspection and Testing
- Maintenance Tests
- Protection Scheme Design For Maintenance
- Maintenance For Microprocessor Relays
- Troubleshooting
- Troubleshooting Charts
Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB)
- What Are Moulded Case Circuit Breakers?
- Circuit Breaker Components
- Ratings and Environment
- Motor Circuit Protectors
- Fuse vs. Circuit Breaker
- Accessories and Modifications
- Mounting and Enclosures
- Selection of molded case circuit breakers :
- MCCB CURVES
Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
- Air Circuit Breaker Components
- Air Break Circuit-breaker Panel
- Air Break Circuit-breaker Truck
- Operating Mechanisms
- Air Blast Circuit Breakers
Fuses
- The High Rupturing Capacity (HRC) Fuse
- Fusing Element
- Fuse Mountings
- Fusing Factor
- Service of Fuses
- Specification of Fuses
- Trigger Fuses
Coordination Of Electrical Power systems
High Voltage Circuit Breakers
Air Break Circuit-Breakers (ACB)
Oil Circuit-Breakers (OCB)
SF6 Circuit-Breakers (SF6 CB)
SF6 Circuit Breaker (GIS)
Vacuum Circuit Breakers ( VCB )
Generator Protection
Motor Protection
Transformer Protection
Bus Bar Protection